Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 History
1.2 Use
1.3 State-of-the-Art Developments
1.4 Post-Tensioning Institute
1.5 Changes from previous edition
1.6 Summary
1.7 References
Chapter 2: Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Buildings
2.3 Parking Structures
2.4 Bridges
2.4.1 Cast-in-place box girders
2.4.2 Segmental
2.4.3 Cable-stayed bridges
2.4.4 Post-tensioned bridge decks
2.4.5 Precast spliced girders
2.5 Storage Structures
2.6 Grandstands and Stadiums
2.7 Staged Construction and Transfer Girders
2.8 Tension Members
2.9 Rock and Soil Anchors
2.9.1 Retaining walls
2.9.2 Dam tiedowns
2.9.3 Earth stabilization
2.9.4 Excavation stabilization
2.9.5 Resist uplift
2.9.6 Tower tiedowns
2.10 Post-Tensioned Slabs-on-Ground
2.10.1 Residential slab-on-ground foundations
2.10.2 Light industrial foundations
2.10.3 Heavy industrial foundations
2.10.4 Mat foundation
2.10.5 Sport courts
2.10.6 Pavements
2.10.7 Highways
2.10.8 Prestressed, precast pavements
2.11 Masonry structures
2.12 Barrier cables
2.13 Repair, rehabilitation, and strengthening
2.14 References
Chapter 3: Post-Tensioning Systems
3.1 General
3.2 Types of Post-Tensioning Systems
3.2.1 Unbonded PT systems
3.2.2 Multistrand and grouted PTSs
3.2.3 Bar PTSs
3.2.4 External PTS
3.3 Tendon Components
3.3.1 Prestressing steel
3.3.2 Anchorages
3.3.3 PT coating
3.3.4 Duct/sheathing
3.3.5 Grout
3.4 Choice of Post-Tensioning System
3.4.1 Strength of bonded and unbonded systems
3.4.2 Corrosion protection of multistrand and grouted and unbonded tendons
3.4.3 Redundancy and safety of bonded and unbonded tendons
3.5 Post-Tensioning Terminology
3.6 References
Chapter 4: Specifying Post-Tensioning
4.1 Reference Standards
4.1.1 Post-Tensioning Institute
4.1.2 ASTM International
4.1.3 American Concrete Institute (ACI)
4.1.4 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
4.2 Post-Tensioning Materials
4.2.1 Prestressing steel
4.2.2 Properties of prestressing steel
4.2.3 Packaging of strand
4.2.4 Anchorages and bearing plates
4.3 Specifying Unbonded Single-Strand Tendons
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Aggressive environment/encapsulation
4.3.3 Fabrication
4.3.4 Construction
4.4 Specifying Multistrand and Bar Tendons
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Multistrand and bar anchorages
4.4.3 Storage and handling
4.4.4 Identification
4.4.5 Ducts
4.4.6 Grouting
4.4.7 Tensioning requirements
4.5 Specifying Barrier Cable
4.5.1 General
4.6 Specifying Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchors
4.6.1 General
4.7 Specifying Stay Cables for Cable-Stayed Bridges
4.7.1 General
4.8 References
Chapter 5: Analysis and Design Fundamentals
5.1 Basics of Post-Tensioned Concrete
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 The difference between analysis and design
5.2 Flexural Analysis
5.2.1 Free-body diagrams
5.2.2 The equivalent load free-body diagram
5.2.3 The combined free-body diagram
5.3 Flexural Design
5.3.1 Building codes
5.3.2 Transfer of prestress force
5.3.3 Service loading
5.3.4 Nominal strength
5.4 Shear
5.4.1 Shear in one-way slabs
5.4.2 Shear in beams
5.4.3 Shear in two-way slabs
5.5 Variable Prestress Force
5.6 Prestress Losses
5.7 References
5.8 Notation
Chapter 6: Detailing and Construction Procedures for Buildings
6.1 General
6.2 Design Issues
6.2.1 Information on structural drawings
6.2.2 Floor shortening and restraint cracking
6.2.3 Measures to mitigate restraint cracking
6.3 Construction Issues
6.3.1 Tendon layout
6.3.2 Detailing of anchorage zones
6.3.3 Construction joints
6.4 General Notes/Standard Details
6.4.1 General notes
6.4.2 Standard details
6.5 Construction Procedures
6.5.1 Document flow
6.5.2 Formwork
6.5.3 Tendon placing
6.5.4 Concrete placement
6.5.5 Stressing operations
6.5.6 Form removal and reshoring
6.5.7 Tendon finishing/protection of end anchorages
6.6 Special Issues
6.6.1 Lift-off procedures
6.6.2 De-tensioning tendons
6.6.3 Splicing tendons
6.6.4 Future slab penetrations and openings
6.7 References
Chapter 7: Design Examples
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Parking Structure One-Way Slab
7.2.1 Given information
7.2.2 Calculations
7.3 Parking Structure Beam
7.3.1 Given information
7.3.2 Calculations
7.4 Two-Way PT Slab Design Example
7.4.1 Given information
7.4.2 Design of interior column line
7.5 Analysis of Two-Span T-Beam
7.5.1 Given information
7.5.2 Cross-sectional properties
7.5.3 Equivalent load and reactions on tendon free body diagram (FBD)
7.5.4 Replace tendon with equivalent loads
7.5.5 Place tendon back into beam
7.5.6 Maximum flexural tensile stress at bottom of beam
7.6 Additional Design Considerations
7.7 References
7.8 Notation
Chapter 8: Seismic Design of Post-Tensioned Concrete Structures
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Diaphragm design
8.3 Diaphragm design example
8.3.1 Grid 1 – Diaphragm design using accepted concrete principles
8.3.2 Determine usable precompression in diaphragm
8.3.3 Calculate diaphragm shear capacity
8.3.4 Calculate diaphragm moment capacity
8.4 Seismic Performance of Unbonded Post-Tensioned Wall and Frame Systems
8.4.1 Wall systems
8.4.2 Frame systems
8.5 References
Chapter 9: Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors
9.1 Floor Framing Systems
9.1.1 Transfer slabs and beams
9.1.2 Penetrations and openings
9.1.3 Other applications
9.2 Planning And Design Of Post-Tensioned Floor Systems
9.2.1 Types of floor systems
9.3 References
Chapter 10: Post-Tensioned Parking Structures
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Applications of Post-Tensioning in Parking Structures
10.2.1 Freestanding parking structures
10.2.2 Parking facilities as part of mixed-use buildings
10.2.3 Barrier cable
10.3 Economics of Parking Structures
10.4 Additional Design Requirements for Post-Tensioned Parking Structures
10.4.1 Design loadings
10.4.2 Material properties
10.4.3 Cover requirements for reinforcement
10.4.4 Minimum average compression limits
10.4.5 Allowable stresses
10.4.6 Drainage
10.4.7 Floor surface treatments
10.5 Adaptive Reuse of Buildings
10.6 References
Chapter 11: Post-Tensioned Slabs-on-Ground
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Advantages of PT slabs-on-ground
11.1.2 Foundations for residential and light commercial construction
11.2 Development of Slab-on-Ground Foundations
11.2.1 Prior to 1960
11.2.2 1960s
11.2.3 1967
11.2.4 1968 BRAB (Building Research Advisory Board)
11.2.5 1970s
11.2.6 1980s
11.2.7 1990s
11.2.8 2000s
11.2.9 2012
11.2.10 2019
11.3 Overview of Design Process
11.3.1 BRAB slab design types
11.3.2 PTI slab design types
11.4 Soil Characteristics
11.4.1 Stable soil sites (SSS) design summary
11.4.2 Expansive soil sites (ESS)
11.4.3 Compressible soil sites (CSS)
11.5 PTI Foundation Types (Based on Soil Conditions)
11.5.1 PTI–1 Lightly reinforced on stable soils
11.5.2 PTI–2 Reinforced and stiffened slabs on expansive soils and PTI–3 uniform thickness slabs
on expansive soils
11.5.3 PTI–4 Reinforced and stiffened ribbed slabs and UTFs on compressible soils
11.5.4 PTI–5 Structural slab not directly supported on ground
11.6 References
Chapter 12: Bridges
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Benefits of Post-Tensioning in Bridge Design and Construction
12.2.1 Span lengths
12.2.2 Alignment
12.2.3 Durability
12.2.4 Minimal impact on human and natural environment
12.2.5 Aesthetic expression
12.3 Historical Overview
12.4 Design Concepts—General
12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 Elements of design concepts
12.4.3 Economy
12.5 Design Concepts—Girder Bridges
12.5.1 Longitudinal structural system
12.5.2 Cross sections: general considerations
12.5.3 Cross sections: single-cell box
12.5.4 Cross sections: other types
12.5.5 Methods of construction: cast-in-place on falsework
12.5.6 Methods of construction: cast-in-place cantilever construction
12.5.7 Methods of construction: precast segmental cantilever construction
12.5.8 Methods of construction: precast segmental span-by-span construction
12.5.9 Methods of construction: incremental launching
12.6 Design Concepts—Slab Bridges
12.6.1 Longitudinal structural system
12.6.2 Cross sections
12.6.3 Tendon layout and details
12.7 Design Concepts—Frame Bridges
12.7.1 Longitudinal structural system
12.7.2 Cross sections
12.7.3 Tendon layouts and details
12.8 Design Concepts—Arch Bridges
12.8.1 Longitudinal structural system
12.8.2 Cross sections
12.8.3 Methods of construction
12.8.4 Tendon layouts and details
12.9 Design Concepts—Other Types of Bridges
12.10 Special Applications of Post-Tensioning in Bridges
12.10.1 Precast concrete segmental bridge piers
12.10.2 Precast concrete deck panels
12.11 The Future
12.12 References
Chapter 13: Stay Cables
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Design and Construction of Stay Cables
13.2.1 Design elements and responsibility
13.2.2 Construction engineering for cable-stayed structures
13.3 Stay-Cable Design
13.3.1 Design methodology
13.3.2 Stay-cable forces
13.3.3 Stay-cable vibrations
13.4 Materials for Stay Cables
13.4.1 Stay-cable materials
13.4.2 Stay-cable pipe
13.4.3 Stay-cable anchorages
13.4.4 Stay-cable corrosion protection
13.5 Stay Installation
13.5.1 Installation of wire stays
13.5.2 Installation of strand stays
13.6 Stressing of Stay Cables
13.6.1 General information on stay-cable stressing
13.6.2 Stressing of wire stay cables
13.6.3 Stressing of strand stay cables
13.7 References
13.8 Notation
Chapter 14: Storage Structures
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Advantages
14.3 Applications
14.3.1 Liquid storage tanks
14.3.2 Wastewater treatment tanks
14.3.3 Low-temperature liquefied gas tanks
14.3.4 Solid storage (silos)
14.3.5 Nuclear reactor containment structures
14.3.6 Water towers
14.4 Shapes of Storage Structures
14.4.1 Circular tanks
14.4.2 Rectangular tanks with roofs
14.4.3 Open-top rectangular tanks
14.5 Analysis and Design
14.5.1 Design concepts for circular tanks
14.5.2 Bonded versus unbonded
14.5.3 Wall design
14.5.4 Foundations and floors
14.5.5 Roofs
14.6 Construction – Key Details and Practices
14.6.1 Base joint
14.6.2 Wall/roof joints
14.7 Applicable Standards
14.7.1 American Water Works Association
14.7.2 American Concrete Institute
14.8 Summary
14.9 References
Chapter 15: Rock and Soil Anchors
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Description – what is a prestressed rock or soil anchor?
15.1.2 History
15.1.3 Advantages and benefits
15.2 Applications
15.2.1 Permanent retaining walls
15.2.2 Temporary retaining walls
15.2.3 Resist hydrostatic uplift
15.2.4 Resist unbalanced lateral pressures
15.2.5 Wall and structure stabilization
15.2.6 Waterfront walls
15.2.7 Landslide stabilization
15.2.8 Tower tiedowns
15.2.9 Dam anchors
15.3 Components of Rock and Soil Anchors
15.3.1 Prestressing steel
15.3.2 Anchorages
15.3.3 Centralizers and spacers
15.3.4 Corrosion protection
15.3.5 Bond breakers
15.3.6 Grout
15.4 Corrosion Protection
15.5 Anchor Design
15.5.1 Feasibility of anchors and site evaluation
15.5.2 Level of corrosion protection
15.5.3 Details of free stressing length
15.5.4 Design load and safety factors
15.5.5 Bond length
15.5.6 Free stressing length
15.5.7 Anchorage design
15.5.8 Grout mixture
15.6 Construction
15.6.1 Fabrication
15.6.2 Drilling
15.6.3 Tendon insertion
15.6.4 Grouting
15.6.5 Installation of anchorage
15.7 Stressing, Load Testing, and Acceptance
15.7.1 Stressing
15.7.2 Testing
15.7.3 Acceptance criteria
15.8 Summary
15.9 References
Chapter 16: Design of Prestressed Barrier Cable Systems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Building Code Requirements
16.2.1 Pedestrian protection
16.2.2 Automobile restraint
16.3 Design Considerations
16.3.1 Prestressing to eliminate cable sag
16.3.2 Limiting deflection
16.3.3 Recommendations for design
16.3.4 Barrier cable system anchorage components
16.3.5 Column design and other structural elements
16.4 Short-Span Conditions
16.5 Calculation of Jacking Force
16.6 Durability and Corrosion Protection
16.7 Design Examples
16.7.1 Meeting pedestrian requirements
16.7.2 Number of cables resisting impact
16.7.3 Example 1
16.7.4 Example 2
16.7.5 Example 3
16.7.6 Example 4
16.8 References
Chapter 17: Prestressed Concrete under Dynamic Loads and Fatigue
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 General
17.1.2 Fatigue of unbonded and bonded tendons
17.1.3 One-time dynamic load conditions
17.2 Dynamic loads
17.2.1 Types of dynamic loads
17.2.2 Strength design—related dynamic loads
17.2.3 Serviceability design-related dynamic loads
17.2.4 Minimum fundamental frequency for post-tensioned floors
17.3 Dynamic Response
17.3.1 Basics of dynamic structural response
17.3.2 Dynamic load directly applied to structure
17.3.3 Structure responding to ground motion
17.3.4 Response spectra
17.3.5 Seismic resistance of unbonded post-tensioned structures
17.4 Fatigue of Prestressed Concrete Materials
17.4.1 Introduction
17.4.2 Definitions
17.4.3 Wöhler diagram
17.4.4 Goodman and Smith diagrams
17.4.5 Concrete fatigue
17.4.6 Fatigue of prestressing steel
17.4.7 Fatigue of tendon anchorage hardware
17.4.8 Fatigue of tendons
17.5 Fatigue of Prestressed Concrete Members
17.5.1 Introduction
17.5.2 Concrete tensile stresses
17.5.3 Supplementary reinforcement
17.5.4 Tendon fatigue at crack locations
17.5.5 Fatigue failure of prestressed structures
17.5.6 Class U and Class C or T prestressed members
17.6 Summary
17.7 References
17.8 Notation
Chapter 18: Fire Resistance
18.1 Scope
18.2 General
18.2.1 Need for fire resistance
18.2.2 Effect of high temperatures on concrete and steel properties
18.2.3 Behavior of concrete structures in fires
18.3 Code Provisions
18.3.1 Standard fire tests of building construction and materials
18.3.2 Tabulated data
18.3.3 Calculation procedures
18.4 Rational Design Procedures
18.4.1 General
18.4.2 Numerical procedure for evaluating fire resistance
18.4.3 Application for PT structures
18.5 Additional Information
18.6 Post-Fire Investigations
18.7 References
Chapter 19: Durability
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Durability in Buildings
19.2.1 General considerations
19.2.2 Past performance
19.2.3 Design considerations
19.3 Durability in Parking Structures
19.3.1 General considerations
19.3.2 Design considerations
19.4 Durability in Bridges
19.4.1 General considerations
19.4.2 Past performance
19.4.3 Design considerations
19.5 Unbonded Tendons
19.5.1 Background and types of unbonded tendons
19.5.2 Potential problem areas
19.5.3 Anchorage protection
19.5.4 Sheathing
19.5.5 Post-tensioning coating
19.6 Grouted Tendons
19.6.1 Background and types of grouted tendons
19.6.2 Potential problem areas
19.6.3 Anchorage protection
19.6.4 Duct
19.6.5 Grout
19.6.6 Temporary corrosion protection
19.7 Summary
19.8 References
Chapter 20: Inspection
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Construction Inspection
20.2.1 Tendon installation
20.2.2 Concrete placement
20.2.3 Stressing
20.2.4 Grouting
20.2.5 Finishing
20.2.6 Special inspection requirements for encapsulated systems
20.3 Post-construction Inspection
20.4 References
Chapter 21: Post-Tensioning Institute Certification Programs
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Certification of Plants Producing Unbonded Single-Strand Tendons
21.2.1 Scope and applicability
21.2.2 Program overview
21.2.3 Verification of compliance
21.2.4 Applicable codes and standards
21.2.5 Sample specification
21.3 Training and Certification of Field Personnel
21.3.1 Training and certification of field personnel for unbonded post-tensioning
21.3.2 Training and certification of field personnel for multistrand and grouted post-tensioning
21.4 Summary
21.5 References
Chapter 22: Repair, Rehabilitation, and Strengthening of Structures
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Evaluation
22.2.1 Evaluation process
22.2.2 Field investigation/nondestructive evaluation
22.2.3 Exploratory evaluation
22.2.4 Materials testing
22.2.5 Structural analysis
22.2.6 Evaluation report
22.3 Repair
22.3.1 Introduction
22.3.2 Plans and specifications
22.3.3 Safety
22.3.4 Concrete removal
22.3.5 Repair of tendons
22.3.6 Concrete placement
22.3.7 Concrete protection
22.3.8 Maintenance
22.4 Standards and Reports
22.4.1 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
22.4.2 American Concrete Institute
22.4.3 ASTM International
22.4.4 International Concrete Repair Institute
22.4.5 Post-Tensioning Institute
22.4.6 Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
22.5 References
Chapter 23: Building Information Modeling
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Advantages
23.2.1 Increased Productivity and Efficiency
23.2.2 Real-Time Collaboration and Visualization
23.3 Design Applications
23.4 Construction Applications
23.5 Laser Scans
23.6 Summary
23.7 References
Chapter 24: Anchorage Zone Design
24.1 General Information on Tendon Anchorage
24.1.1 Introduction
24.1.2 Stresses and forces in anchorage zone
24.1.3 Anchorage zone design objectives
24.2 Tendon Anchorage Specifications
24.2.1 Introduction
24.2.2 PTI post-tensioning system acceptance standards
24.2.3 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design and AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
24.2.4 ACI 318 Building Code
24.3 Bearing Plates
24.3.1 Introduction
24.3.2 Basic bearing plates
24.3.3 Special bearing plates
24.4 Local Anchorage Zone
24.4.1 Introduction
24.4.2 Responsibilities for local anchorage zone
24.4.3 Dimensions of the local anchorage zone
24.4.4 Local zone reinforcement
24.5 General Anchorage Zone
24.5.1 Definition and dimensions of general zone
24.5.2 Responsibility for general zone design
24.5.3 General zone design considerations
24.5.4 Linear-elastic analysis
24.5.5 Force path methods
24.5.6 Use of simplified equations
24.5.7 Special cases
24.5.8 General zone reinforcement detailing
24.6 Anchorage zone design examples
24.6.1 Basic bearing plate
24.6.2 Single-strand unbonded tendons in a thin slab
24.6.3 Single-strand unbonded tendons in a wide, shallow beam
24.6.4 Cantilever beam with multiple single-strand tendons
24.6.5 Precast beam with multi-strand tendon
24.6.6 Box girder bridge with internal tendons
24.6.7 Cantilever bent with loop tendons
24.7 References
Chapter 25: Sustainability
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Structural Behavior of Post-Tensioned Concrete
25.2.1 Precompression
25.2.2 Prestressing steel and tendon profiles
25.2.3 Continuity
25.2.4 Reduction of joints
25.2.5 Improved stiffness
25.2.6 Applicability
25.2.7 Dimensioning
25.3 Sustainability Benefits
25.3.1 Service life
25.3.2 Heating and cooling energy savings
25.3.3 Indoor quality
25.3.4 Aesthetics and finishes
25.3.5 Adaptability
25.3.6 Repair and strengthening
25.3.7 Material efficiency
25.4 Contribution in Context of Life-Cycle Assessment
25.4.1 LCA, PCR, and EPDs
25.4.2 Concrete and reinforcing steel EPDs
25.4.3 Structural frame impact
25.4.4 Post-tensioning contribution
25.5 Post-Tensioning Examples
25.5.1 Scope of examples presented
25.5.2 Example 1—RC flat slab to PT flat slab
25.5.3 Example 2—RC slab with beams to PT flat slab
25.6 Summary
25.7 References
Appendix A: Design Aids
A.1 Friction losses
A.2 Derivation of formulas for calculating effects of anchor set
Appendix B: Conversion Factors
Appendix C: PTI Barrier Cable Tests
C.1 Test Description, Objectives, and Observations
General
Objectives
Test description
Observations
C.2 Comparison of Test Results with Equivalent Static Load (IBC) and Energy Methods
C.3 Comparison of Final Strand Tension for Various Design Approaches
C.4 References
Index